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Catholics were, after initial persecution, eventually tolerated, especially in the larger cities, as long as they didn't openly display their Catholicism. |
Catholics were, after initial persecution, eventually tolerated, especially in the larger cities, as long as they didn't openly display their Catholicism. |
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In many cities Catholics gathered for Mass in [[clandestine church]]es with had exteriors that were not recognizable as churches. |
In many cities Catholics gathered for Mass in [[clandestine church]]es with had exteriors that were not recognizable as churches. |
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"some areas had archpriests dependent on the Nuncios in Cologne and Brussels"<ref name="Tablet_1953-05-16">{{cite news|location=London|newspaper=The Tablet|issn=|date=1953-05-16|page=20|title=The hierarchy in Holland|url=http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/16th-may-1953/20/the-hierarchy-in-holland|accessdate=2014-07-07|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140201173810/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/16th-may-1953/20/the-hierarchy-in-holland|archivedate=2014-02-01|deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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== Prelude to the re-establishment == |
== Prelude to the re-establishment == |
Revision as of 23:45, 18 September 2015
The reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands was decided in 1853 by Pope Pius IX in the papal bull Ex qua die arcano,[1] after the 1848 constitutional revision had made this possible. The reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy led in 1853 to the nl protest. The reaction of King William II of the Netherlands and the resignation of the Johan Rudolph Thorbecke cabinet confirmed the redefinition of the roles of the cabinet and King after the constitutional reform of 1848.
History
After his appointment as head of state of Spanish Empire, which included the Low Countries, Philip II of Spain reorganized the dioceses in the Netherlands in 1559. The northern provinces fell under the Archdiocese of Utrecht, the southern under the Archdiocese of Mechelen. Utrecht became an archdiocese with the suffragan dioceses of Haarlem (Central and North-Holland), Middelburg (Zeeland), Deventer (Overijssel and Gelderland), Groningen (Groningen) and Leeuwarden (Friesland). Roermond and 's-Hertogenbosch were dioceses under the Archdiocese of Mechelen.
The first Archbishop of Utrecht, Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg, was also the last. The Dutch Revolt against Spain had major implications for Catholicism in the rebellious northern Netherlands who became known as the Dutch Republic which favored Protestant Calvinism and ultimately imposed severe restrictions on Catholicism. In 1592 Rome declared the province of Utrecht a mission area, called the Dutch Mission, which came to be headed by a vicar apostolic. 's-Hertogenbosch later also became an apostolic vicariate when normal episcopal administration was no longer possible after the Peace of Münster in 1648. Catholics were, after initial persecution, eventually tolerated, especially in the larger cities, as long as they didn't openly display their Catholicism. In many cities Catholics gathered for Mass in clandestine churches with had exteriors that were not recognizable as churches.
Prelude to the re-establishment
The official position of the Catholic Church in the Netherlands improved when the Batavian Republic proclaimed the separation of Church and State in 1796. The different churches came back on an equal footing. Some of the Catholic churches, which were taken by the Protestants in the 16th century, were returned. The Catholic community began to organize itself again; newspapers, magazines, and schools were established. However, state regulation remained, for example, wearing clerical clothing in public was not allowed and ringing of bells was banned.
Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII solved a number of pending issues between church and state with the Concordat of 1801.[a] A number of new apostolic vicariates were established to prepare for a future re-establishment of the dioceses. The Diocese of Antwerp was abolished and North Brabant that used to be a part of it became the Apostolic Vicariate of Breda. The Diocese of Roermond was also abolished and divided between the Diocese of Liege and the Diocese of Aachen. The last bishop of Roermond, Jan Baptist Robert baron van Velde tot Melroy en Sart-Bomal, was appointed apostolic vicar of the new vicariate Grave-Nijmegen in 1801. The vicariate Ravenstein Megen no longer belonged to the Diocese of Liège, but become an apostolic vicariate.
In the Kingdom of Holland the "Ministerie van Zaken der Rooms-Katholieke Eredienst" was founded (a department of the government which focused on religious matters concerning Roman Catholics). The king got certain rights to intervene in the organization of the churches. In 1812 - at this point the Netherlands was a part of France - the so-called "uitstervingsbesluiten" were enacted which prevented monasteries from accepting new members, its ultimate purpose was the elimination of the monastic orders.
The first bishops
The Concordat of 1827 between King William I of the Netherlands and Pope Leo XII about the reestablishment of the dioceses in the Netherlands reached the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.[b] This concordat established two dioceses of North Netherlands, namely the diocese of Den Bosch, the provinces of North Brabant, Zeeland and Gelderland would include Archdiocese of Amsterdam and the rest of the Netherlands, with the exception of Limburg included. Limburg would be the province of Liege, the diocese of Liège form suffragan to the Archdiocese of Mechelen. The concordat had even provided a fully developed cathedral on Nieuwmarkt square in Amsterdam. However, including the Belgian Revolution this could not be done. William I moreover confirmed the earlier restrictions on the monasteries were imposed, and the Protestant politicians were not unanimously in favor of a restored Catholic hierarchy. However, in 1833 a suffragan bishop was appointed for the Dutch Mission. Although Bishop nl had no diocese, he had all the powers of a bishop, as the administration of confirmation, ordaining priests and churches.
When Treaty of London (1839) established the border between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Dutch Limburg was an apostolic vicariate, led by nl , who was consecrated bishop in 1841. A real restoration of the dioceses in the Netherlands seemed too early, and negotiations on the implementation of the Concordat of 1827 failed "from the start on account of the intransigence of the Protestants."[2] Nevertheless, there was a compromise, two southern vicars, nl in Breda and nl in 's-Hertogenbosch, were consecrated as bishop in 1842. In the same year, Joannes Zwijsen was appointed bishop, who was on board the vicariates Grave-Nijmegen and Ravenstein Megen. This last appointment was made, it seems, after direct personal intervention of William II. William II was favorably disposed towards the Catholics and among other things, put an end to restrictive legislation for the monasteries.
In 1847 also left a number of prominent Roman Catholics themselves heard and called for a normalization of the ecclesiastical administration in the Netherlands. Their petition was supported by Wijckerslooth and the bishop of Liege, nl . The last restrictions on the Catholics were removed in the 1848 constitutional revision. The decision was made at a meeting of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in December 1852. Pope Pius IX approved the plan, and in 1853 it was implemented. This was the archpriest shelves in the north and the apostolic vicariates raised in the south. Zwijsen was appointed archbishop of the reestablished episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands. Then the Roman Catholic Church was reorganized into one archdiocese, Utrecht, with four suffragan diocese, Haarlem-Amsterdam, 's-Hertogenbosch, Breda and Roermond. In honor of Willibrord, the archiepiscopal see was established in Utrecht. Only in 1956 were the dioceses of Groningen-Leeuwarden and Rotterdam founded.
In 1853 about 1.2 million people were Catholic, constituting about one-third of the Netherlands' population, living mostly in the provinces of Limburg and North Brabant.[2]
See also
Notes
- ^ See "Napoleon's concordat (1801): text". concordatwatch.eu. Translated from the French by Muriel Fraser. Archived from the original on 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: others (link) Translated from "Convention entre sa Sainteté Pie VII, et le Gouvernement français". napoleon.org (in French). Fondation Napoléon. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08.{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ See "Convention and accord between Pope Leo XII and William I, King of Belgium and the Netherlands". concordatwatch.eu. Translated from the Dutch by Ilonka Nagy. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: others (link) Translated from "Het Concordaat van 1827". rorate.com (in Dutch). Translated from the Latin by De Secretaris der Permanente Commissie, uit den Raad van State voor de Zaken van de R.C. Eeredienst. 2003-08-20. Archived from the original on 2013-06-17. Retrieved 2014-03-11.{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: others (link) Translated from Pacca, Bartolomeo (1903) [concluded 1827-09-16]. "Conventio Inter Sanctissimum Dominum Leonem XII, Summum Pontificem, et Serenissimum Guilielmum I, Belgarum regem". In Albers, Petrus H. (ed.). Geschiedenis van het herstel der hiërarchie in de Nederlanden (in Dutch). Nijmegen, NL: Malmberg. pp. 534–545. OCLC 38329195.
References
- ^ Pope Pius IX (1853-03-04). de Martinis, Raffaele (ed.). "Ex qua die arcano". Iuris pontificii de propaganda fide: pars prima, complectens bullas, brevia acta S.S. a congregationis institutione ad praesens iuxta temporis seriem disposita (in Latin). 6 (1). Rome: Ex Typographia Polyglotta (published 1894): 158–161. OCLC 3342505. Translated in "XIIIb: the apostolic letters of the most holy Lord Pius IX, by Divine Providence, pope, by which letters the episcopal hierarchy was re-established in Holland". Further papers regarding the relation of foreign states with the Court of Rome: presented to the House of Commons by command of Her Majesty, in pursuance of their address of June 14, 1853. London: Harrison and Son. 1853. pp. 61–65. OCLC 80498785.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Tablet_1953-05-16
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Further reading
- Peijnenburg, Johannes W. M. (1996). Joannes Zwijsen, bisschop: 1794-1877. Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van het Zuiden van Nederland (in Dutch). Tilburg: Stichting Zuidelijk Historisch Contact. ISBN 9789070641542.
- Sengers, Erik (2003). "Al zijn we katholiek, we zijn Nederlanders": opkomst en verval van de katholieke kerk in Nederland sinds 1795 vanuit rational choice perspectief (ETD) (in Dutch). Utrecht: Katholieke Theologische Universiteit te Utrecht. ISBN 9051669658.
- "Geschiedenis van het Nederlands katholicisme". ru.nl/kdc (in Dutch). Nijmegen: Radboud University Library. Catholic Documentation Centre. Retrieved Jan 2007.
{{cite web}}
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